Manuscripts

Nag Hammadi Library

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Era: composed 2nd-3rd c.; copies 4th c.
Location: Upper Egypt (near Nag Hammadi)
Discovered: 1945

Note on contested claims: The Nag Hammadi codices are genuine ancient documents. What is contested is their authority and origin — they are Gnostic, not apostolic, and were rejected by the early church for that reason.

Thirteen leather-bound Coptic codices buried in a sealed jar, containing 52 mostly Gnostic texts — including the Gospels of Thomas, Philip, and Truth. The discovery that reframed modern study of Gnosticism.

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